• Best Introduction To Anthropology Books

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An Introduction to Anthropology - free book at E-Books Directory. You can download the book or read it online. It is made freely available by its author. The first peer-reviewed open access textbook for cultural anthropology courses. Personal touch makes for an accessible introduction to cultural anthropology. An Introduction to Anthropology by Ralph L. Beals; Harry Hoijer and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. An Introduction to Anthropology by Beals Ralph L and Harry Hoijer - AbeBooks.

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Citation Practices for Anthropology Paper adapted from an essay by Prof. Steven Parish, Dept. Of Anthropology, UCSD Anthropology papers are different from papers you may have written for other courses, or for a writing class. Anthropology, like sociology and psychology, uses a distinctive citation format. Anthropologists document the use of other people's work-the sources of ideas or data used in a paper-by placing citations in the text of the paper. Documentation, for our purposes, means providing bibliographic references to sources.

A citation is a bibliographic reference to a specific source-a book, an article, or other source of information. In-text citation simply means placing citations in the text of the paper, instead of in footnotes. In-text citation documents the use of sources of data and ideas, just as reference (bibliographic) footnotes do, but in-text citations are used instead of such footnotes in anthropology. You do not use reference footnotes or endnotes when you write a paper using the in-text citation format. The important thing to understand, then, is that in-text citation replaces reference footnotes. Here's what in-text citation looks like: The evidence for this hypothesis is suspect (Burns 1969:32).

Tonkinson (1978:27) notes that the Aborigines of the Western Desert. As you can see, the in-text citation supplies, in parentheses, the name of the author, the year of publication, and the page(s) on which the material cited can be found NOTE ADDED BY JM: when citing journal articles in the natural sciences, page numbers are usually omitted unless it is a direct quotation-most articles are short and if the reader wants to find the item, s/he can read the article. Not true for a 300 page book.

Note the punctuation: this is exactly how it should appear in all your anthropology papers. Also note that when the name of the author is used as part of the text, as in the second example, only the year of publication and page numbers are placed within the parentheses. Now, if I'm interested in finding out more about something I read in your paper (because it is just so bizarre or wonderful that I have to know more about it), then I turn from your citation to your reference list at the end of your paper. This list of all the works cited in your paper provides information needed to locate sources in the bookstore or library. The citations and the reference list make it possible for the reader to track down material that may be useful. Your paper becomes a link in a citation chain when you cite from publications connected in this way. The citation format used in anthropology is less work than the footnote format because you only have to type out the complete bibliographic information for a source once-in the reference list.

(Complete bibliographic information includes titles, publisher, place of publication, and so on). In a paper using reference footnotes, you have to type that information twice-once in the footnote itself, and then again in the reference list. Since anthropology papers do not use reference footnotes, you never have any reason to use Latin abbreviations such as 'ibid' or 'op cit.'

In the footnote format, you use these expressions when you refer more than once to a single source. But when you use in-text citation, you give the same information every time that you refer to a source: the author's last name, year of publication of the work cited, and the page(s) on which the idea or data you use appears.

What if you refer to two different books or articles by the same author? How do you let the reader know that two different publications are being cited? You simply use the year of publication to distinguish them. They will be listed chronologically under the author's name in the reference list. What if they were published the same year? Then you can add lower case letters after the publication date.

(Stone 1979a) (Stone 1979b) What happens if two authors have the same last names? In that case, you use the initials of their first names, or their full names if they have the same first names, so that it is clear in your text which author you mean. So, if you cite both Karl Marx and Groucho Marx, you would use the initials of the first names in the citations, even though the years of publication are different. Marx 1853:334) (G. Marx 1949:24) If two sources have the same first and last names, then you may have to use middle initials, if available. The general rule is always to try to give enough information so that the reader will know exactly what individual or publication in the reference list you are referring to. If there are two authors for a publication you wish to cite, you cite them this way: (Stone & Burns 1956) If there are more than two authors, then you can probably get away with using the name of the senior author-the one whose name appears first in an article, or under whose name a book is cataloged-followed by 'et al.'

Which means 'and others.' Smith, Burns, Garcia, and Sullivan 1980:87 can be cited as (Smith et al. Smith is the senior author; do not use the alphabetical order of authors' names in deciding what names to use in a citation. (Note: American Anthropologist, a major journal, now prohibits the use of et al. In the text, because it is undemocratic. I recommend the use of et al.not because I'm undemocratic, but because it seems to me that a citation with three or more names interferes with the ease of reading the text, and I do not believe many instructors would object to this use of et al.

In term papers. In your reference list, you must use the names of all the authors. Unless you are undemocratic.) An Exception to the Ban on Footnote: Multiple Citations There is an exception to the rule against using reference footnotes for citing your sources. If you have many citations for one sentence (in other words, many sources for one piece of information), then you may use a footnote to avoid cluttering the text and disrupting the reader's attention to your reasoning.

Beagles are fond of bagels (Collins 1967:67; Crenshaw 1934:98; Morton 1978:81-89 & 1979:97). This means that.

Becomes Beagles are fond of bagels.1 This means that. (rest of page) 1. See Collins 1967:67; Crenshaw 1934:98; Morton 1978:81-89 & 1979:97. Using the reference footnote makes this easier to read without losing the sense of the text.

The idea is to avoid doing anything to distract the reader's attention from what you have to say. Unless an idea is very complex or profound -like Beagle bagelphilia- or the data very technical or surprising, you rarely need to use many citations for one particular chunk of information. A single citation will generally do. Sometimes you may wish to use several citations in order to direct the reader to a particular literature or to important examples of something. A footnote is appropriate in such cases.

Best Introduction To Anthropology Books

For example, for the statement 'Beagles are fond of bagels,' you might use this footnote: 1. The best references on Beagles and bagels are Collins 1967, Crenshaw 1934, and Morton 1978 & 1979.

Footnotes should go at the bottom (foot) of the page. Some publishers put them at the end of the book. They claim this saves typesetting money (although with computerized typesetting that is no longer true). The real reason is that they hate readers. In any event, term paper footnotes should go at the bottom of the page. It not only keeps the professor from cursing your future posterity as s/he fumbles his way to the back in search of a note, it also improves the chances that s/he will actually pay attention to them. (Nothing is more infuriating, by the way, than to make one's way to the back of the book in search of footnote 73 from chapter fourteen only to find that it says 'op cit' in reference to something last discussed six chapters earlier.) Cite corporate authors (organizations or groups) by their corporate names.

(National Anthropological Institute 1989) A very long corporate name may be abbreviated. The National Institute of Mental Health can be cited in the text as NIMH. However, the full corporate name must be used in the reference list. And you must be sure that you always provide enough information that a reader can find the source in the reference list without problems. If an individual can be identified as the author, the person rather than the organization should be cited. Occasionally, you will run across a work that has neither a personal nor corporate author.

In that case you can use a few identifying words from the title of the source, which are placed in the author position in the entry in the reference list. There are as yet few employment opportunities in the field of Martian anthropology ('Martian Anthropology' 1986:569). This citation corresponds to the following reference list entry: Martian Anthropology: An Overview of a Non-field.

1986 Encyclopedia of the Inner Planets. Space City L-5:L-5 Publishing Matrix.What Needs To Be Cited? You must document, by giving a citation, each and every case where you use someone else's ideas or information, except where it is reasonable to assume that the information or ideas are 'common knowledge' in the field in which you are writing. Quotations Other people's exact words must be placed within quotation marks, or set off from the text by indentation and single spacing. A citation must be placed near the beginning or at the end of the quotation, so that it is clear who is being quoted. You could acknowledge a quotation from Clifford Geertz as follows: 'Culture is the fabric of meaning in terms of which human beings interpret their experience and guide their action; social structure is the form that action takes, the actually existing network of social relations' (Geertz 1957:533). Here's another way to cite this quotation: In an article critical of functional analysis, Geertz (1957:533) distinguishes between culture and social structure: Culture is the fabric of meanings in terms of which human beings interpret their experience and guide their action; social structure is the form that action takes, the actually existing network of social relations.

Note that no citation is needed at the end of the quote. Finally you might choose to incorporate Geertz's works into your text in the following manner: According to Geertz, culture is the 'fabric of meaning' by which people 'interpret their experience and guide their action' (1957:533).

Note: when you put somebody's words inside quotation marks, be sure to quote exactly-spelling, grammatical errors-everything must be just as it is in the original. Paraphrase or Summary Even when you put other people's ideas or information into your own words, you must cite the source of the idea and date. For example, suppose that for a paper on socialization or cultural transmission I want to use T.R. Williams' idea that children take an active part in their own socialization into society. Williams calls this the 'generative function of socialization.'

He defines this as comprising all of the ways children reflect upon, think about, and sort out the content of culture, in order to develop for themselves a cognitive map of adult culture (Williams 1972:224). I don't want to quote him, though, because I know using too many quotations is a cheap trick.

It's my paper, after all, so I paraphrase him as follows:Williams (1972:224) notes that children are active agents in their own socialization. They do not merely absorb the norms and values of adult behavior in a passive manner.

Rather, they think about their experience of cultural behavior, and develop their own theories about their position and roles in the system of social interactions that surround them. Data and Specialized Knowledge All specialized knowledge-anything that cannot be considered 'common knowledge' in the field in which you are writing-must be documented. Data from a source must be cited. Naraun society is divided into three 'status classes.' The highest rank (temonibe) consists of descendants from the eldest daughter of the woman who founded the clan (Alkire 1972:44). Data from an ethnography on a group is often specialized knowledge -anthropologists are 'specialists' on the people they study. Common Knowledge How do you know if something is common knowledge?

There are fuzzy areas, of course. Generally, though, you can rely on common sense.

You don't have to document the fact that the Plains Indians hunted buffalo on horseback in the nineteenth century. But if you describe the life of the Sioux before they got horses or moved onto the Great Plains, or describe a fight the Pawnee had with the Sioux while on a buffalo hunt in 1858, then you need to provide a citation referring the reader to the source of your information. Common knowledge means common in the field in which you are writing. (That anthropologists are mostly geniuses is common knowledge-among anthropologists.